Conservation tillage, or minimum tillage, is a broadly defined practice that includes no-till, strip till, ridge till, and mulch till systems. By definition, No-Till Contour cultivation follows the contour lines of sloping fields. The effect of tillage on soil. Tillage is the manipulation of the soil into a desired condition by mechanical means; tools are employed to achieve some desired effect (such as pulverization, cutting, or movement). 2 Efficient Fertilizer Use Manual — Tillage Systems No-till — The CTIC defines no-till as a system in which the soil is left undisturbed from harvest to planting With no-till, the improved soil structure and moisture conserving residue cover makes more water available for crop production by improving infiltration and decreasing evaporation from the soil surface. "Conservation tillage—Any tillage and planting system that covers 30 percent or more of the soil surface with crop residue, after planting, to reduce soil erosion by water. Tillage can be destructive to soil quality, especially when it is done at the wrong time. Excessively wet soils are said to be “plastic”; they move and smear easily and can be molded by heavy machinery leading to sub-soil compaction. Tillage erosion refers to the net soil translocation on the hillslope due to tillage operations, expressed in units of volume, mass, or depth per unit width of tillage. However, tillage has all along been contributing negatively to soil quality. If deep tire tracks are left in the soil, then the soil is probably too wet for tilling. Soil is tilled to change its structure, to kill weeds, and to manage crop residues. Conservation tillage, such as stubble mulch tillage, minimum tillage, reduced tillage, and no-tillage, leaves at least 30% of the soil surface covered by plant residue after planting to reduce erosion and surface runoff. Mulch tillage (stubble mulch tillage). These techniques maintain plant residues on at least 30% of the soil surface after tillage activities. It is based on factors determined by crop management decisions being implemented for a particular field. Zero tillage is possible where the soil has: (a) course textured surface, (b) good internal drainage and (c) adequate quantity of residue as mulch. c. Problems of zero tillage are low seed germination, low mineralization and build up of volunteer plants. The tillage systems classified as conservation tillage are no-till, ridge-till, and mulch-till. Tillage was used for seedbed preparation, weed suppression, soil aeration, turning over cover crops and forages, burying heavy crop residue, leveling the soil, incorporating manure and fertilizer into the root zone and activating pesticides. 1. Primary tillage Primary tillage is the first soil tillage after the last harvest. The transport and resultant displacement of soil during tillage is referred to as tillage translocation. 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