Alexander appealed to Ascanio Sforza and even to the Ottoman Sultan Bayazid II for help. ", "The permanent group of skilled workers and artisans, in every trade, who with their assistants take care of St. Peter's Basilica. The papacy has long been the exclusive domain of a handful of super-powerful and ancient Italian families, so outsider Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia seems like a long shot. [6] He was named for his paternal grandfather, Rodrigo Gil de Borja y Fennolet. Of Alexander's many mistresses the one for whom passion lasted longest was Vannozza (Giovanna) dei Cattanei, born in 1442, and wife of three successive husbands. Charles VIII's belligerence in Italy had made it transparent that the "politics of equilibrium" did nothing but render the country unable to defend itself against a powerful invading force. Innocent VIII, , 1414–84, pope (1471–84), an Italian named Francesco della Rovere (b. near Savona); successor of Paul II. and vanquish the Saints, if he enters the sphere of stars. He's known mostly for corruption: selling off church offices, marrying his illegitimate children into the Medici family (he paid by giving a cardinalship to the bride's thirteen-year-old brother! His daughter Isabella was the great-great-grandmother of Pope Innocent X, who was therefore descended in a direct line from Alexander.[51]. He was prepared to compromise upon all purely human questions, but inflexible upon whatever concerned the rights of religion. Pope Sixtus IV paid a formal visit to the newly restored building on 1 May 1482, and it may be that Giuliano was already in residence then. Of the twenty-seven cardinals alive in the closing months of the reign of Innocent VIII no fewer than ten were Cardinal-nephews, eight were crown nominees, four were Roman nobles and one other had been given the cardinalate in recompense for his family's service to the Holy See; only four were able career churchmen.[11]. Alexander VI was known for his patronage of the arts, and in his days a new architectural era was initiated in Rome with the coming of Bramante. Alexander, overwhelmed with grief, shut himself up in Castel Sant'Angelo. The expedition, if it produced no material results, demonstrated the foolishness of the so-called "politics of equilibrium", the Medicean doctrine of preventing one of the Italian principates from overwhelming the rest and uniting them under its hegemony. And if we do not flee, he will inevitably devour us all. Succeeded by Clement VIII: Last edited on 7 April 2020, at 16:31. Ferdinand's oppressive government led in 1485 to a rebellion of the aristocracy, known as the Conspiracy of the Barons, which included Francesco Coppola and Antonello Sanseverino of Salerno and was supported by Pope Innocent VIII. 6, p. 135. [7] His cousin and Calixtus's nephew Luis de Milà y de Borja became a cardinal. ..... Click the link for more information. Latin text: "Dum graviter aegrotaret, factorum conscientia punctus contrito dolentique animo ad lachrymas ut audio fusus, sacrosanctum communionis corpus sua sponte, dilutis prius diligentissima confessione peccatis, petierit, et alia sacramenta ...", "Throughout the Middle Ages a 'tradition' or 'custom' involving pillaging was attached to the death and election of high-ranking prelates. His family name is written Llançol in Valencian and Lanzol in Castillian. [48][49] In 1993, the Indigenous Law Institute called on Pope John Paul II to revoke Inter Caetera and to make reparation for "this unreasonable historical grief". Innocent X, original name Giambattista Pamfili, (born May 7, 1574, Rome—died Jan. 7, 1655, Rome), pope from 1644 to 1655.. Pamfili was a church judge under Pope Clement VIII and a papal representative at Naples for Pope Gregory XV.He was made ambassador to Spain and cardinal (1626) by Pope Urban VIII, whom he succeeded on Sept. 15, 1644.Having been supported by cardinals who had … As pope he must not only be chaste, he must appear to be so. On a similar claim: "Without any solid evidence Giulia is said to have been the model for Pinturicchio's 'Virgin and Child' surrounded by angels in the Borgia Apartments of the Vatican. Pope Innocent VI (Latin: Innocentius Sextus; c. 1282 – September 12, 1362), born Étienne Aubert, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 200th Pope from December 18, 1352 until his death in 1362.. His parents were Jofré Llançol i Escrivà (died bef. Pope Alexander VI only recognized four children as his: Cesare, Giovanni, Lucrezia, and Gioffre. The rest of the Orsini clan still held out, defeating the papal troops sent against them under Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino and Giovanni Borgia, Duke of Gandia, at Soriano (January 1497). For this occasion, Pope Alexander had a new opening created in the portico of St. Peter's and commissioned a door, made of marble, 3.5 meters high and 2.2 wide. ", "[T]here is every reason to believe," writes the. Rodrigo Borgia salutes the people and gives the papal blessing. [43][44][45] Morales Padron (1979) concludes that these bulls gave power to enslave the natives. The day after Pope Celestine III died, Innocent became one of the youngest men ever selected to sit in Peter's Chair. Innocent X was one of the most politically shrewd pontiffs of the era, greatly increasing the temporal power of … It first aired on April 3, 2011. It first aired on April 3, 2011. The Papal States were in turmoil, and the powerful Colonna faction seized Ostia in the name of France. who did not stop at quarrels, struggles and slaughters, Innocent VIII: Successor: Pius III: Personal details; Birth name: Roderic Llançol i de Borja: Born 1 January 1431 Xàtiva, Kingdom of Valencia: Died: 18 August 1503 (aged 72) Rome: Other popes named Alexander He took a great interest in theatrics, and he even had the Menaechmi performed in his apartments. Pope Innocent VIII is on his deathbed, and the cardinals are in close attendance on his last words. "[13] Rodrigo Borgia was also an intelligent man with an appreciation for the arts and sciences and an immense amount of respect for the Church. "[69] The Borgia Apartments remained sealed until the 19th century.[69]. For a period of time, before legitimizing his children after becoming Pope, Rodrigo pretended that his four children with Vannozza were his niece and nephews and that they were fathered by Vannozza's husbands. The only contemporary accusations of poisoning were from some of the servants of the Borgias, extracted under torture by Alexander's bitter enemy Della Rovere, who succeeded him as Pope Julius II.[30]. The Pope told them that he felt very bad. The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America. "Were the Borgias Really So Bad? Alexander hoped that Louis XII's help would be more profitable to his house than that of Charles VIII had been. [63] Ludwig von Pastor insists that the decomposition was "perfectly natural", owing to the summer heat. Sometimes overlooked is the fact that Alexander VI set about reforms of the increasingly irresponsible Curia. Innocent VIII, , 1414–84, pope (1471–84), an Italian named Francesco della Rovere (b. near Savona); successor of Paul II. Pope Alexander VI (born Rodrigo de Borja) (Valencian: Roderic Llançol i de Borja [roðeˈɾiɡ ʎanˈsɔl i ðe ˈbɔɾdʒa], Spanish: Rodrigo Lanzol y de Borja [roˈðɾiɣo lanˈθol i ðe ˈβoɾxa]; 1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503), was Pope from 11 August 1492 until his death in 1503. It was probably only because they could not agree on an Italian successor to Nicholas V that the elderly Callistus had been elected; one who, in all probability, would not live long. [Note 15], It has been suggested that, having taken into account the unusual level of decomposition, Alexander VI was accidentally poisoned to death by his son, Cesare, with cantarella (which had been prepared to eliminate Cardinal Adriano), although some commentaries doubt these stories and attribute the Pope's death to malaria, then prevalent in Rome, or to another such pestilence. Named bishop of Savona, Italy, in 1467 by Pope Paul II, he was made cardinal in 1473 by Pope Sixtus IV, whom he succeeded. When the Orsini offered to admit the French to their castles, Alexander had no choice but to come to terms with Charles. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture. ", "As for her reputation, there is absolutely no evidence for the rumors of incest with one or more of her brothers – or indeed with her father – apart from that given by her first husband, Giovanni Sforza, during the divorce proceedings, during which several other baseless accusations were leveled in both directions. ", "He was also a natural orator, a pleasant conversationalist, an expert in Canon Law and Theology, and 'so familiar with Holy Writ that his speeches sparkled with well chosen texts from Sacred Scripture'. The lesser clergy were similarly reined in: they must refuse all bribes and put away their concubines. The atmosphere of Alexander's household is typified by the fact that his daughter Lucrezia apparently lived with Giulia at a point. He tried to collect troops and put Rome in a state of defence, but his position was precarious. No conclusive explanation was ever reached,[28] and it may be that the crime was simply as a result of one of the Duke's sexual liaisons. [24], Presumed portrait of Lucrezia Borgia by Bartolomeo Veneto. He assures her of his continued love and financial support. Her place in his affections was filled, according to some, by the beautiful Giulia Farnese ("Giulia la Bella"), wife of an Orsini. When Rodrigo de Borgia was elected pope as Alexander VI following the death of Innocent VIII, his son Cesare Borgia … "[63] The Venetian ambassador stated that the body was "the ugliest, most monstrous and horrible dead body that was ever seen, without any form or likeness of humanity". He was the fifth of the seven popes who lived in Avignon in France. He was a gifted speaker and fluent in conversation. This policy brought Ferdinand I, King of Naples, into conflict with Alexander, who was also opposed by Cardinal della Rovere, whose candidature for the papacy had been backed by Ferdinand. Similar rites were held at the other patriarchal basilicas. Neapolitan resistance collapsed, and Alfonso II fled and abdicated in favour of his son Ferdinand II. Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted. On 28 January Charles VIII departed for Naples with Cem and Cesare, but the latter slipped away to Spoleto. He chose this name in honour of Pope Innocent X, who made him a cardinal in 1645. After emptying the papal treasury in the service of failed wars in Italy, Innocent, on his deathbed, reportedly drinking the blood of three boys as a curative measure, begged his cardinals to elect a successor better than himself. The interregnum witnessed again the ancient "tradition" of violence and rioting. For centuries, Spain had been almost completely overridden by the Moors. He was formally crowned as pontiff on 4 October 1676 by the protodeacon, Cardinal Francesco Maidalchini. [81], "Rodrigo de Borja" redirects here. pastor Alexander, maxima Roma, tuus. A form of indentured servitude was allowed, being similar to a peasant's duty to his liege lord in Europe. Some, including Christopher Hibbert, recognize up to six more: Girolama (or Jeronima), Isabella, "Alexander was a jovial, far-sighted, moderate man, well-balanced in mind and body. As De Maistre said in his work Du Pape, "The latter are forgiven nothing, because everything is expected from them, wherefore the vices lightly passed over in a Louis XIV become most offensive and scandalous in an Alexander VI. ", "The holy year 1500 definitively ushered in the custom of opening a holy door on Christmas Eve and closing it the following year on Christmas Day. Innocent granted Ferdinand II of Aragon the epithet "Catholic Majesty." As for his true faults, known only to his confessor, Pope Alexander VI apparently died genuinely repentant. But Alexander, always ready to seize opportunities to aggrandize his family, then adopted a double policy. Rodrigo Borgia promises the revenue of benefices and gold (and to Sforza the Vice-Chancellorship) to those who choose to support him. Pope Alexander VI made many alliances to secure his position. Pamphili succeeded Pope Urban VIII (1623–44) on 15 September 1644 as Pope Innocent X, after a contentious papal conclave that featured a rivalry between French and Spanish factions. A Spaniard in Italy, he was hard pressed to find such trustworthiness except from members of his own family; hence his patronage of them, though it is not to be denied that it was probably also for personal reasons. Pope Innocent XII. Cesare tells his conquest he is a cleric by day but whatever he wants by night. Among the new cardinals was his own son Cesare, then only 18 years old. As a result, his Italianized Valencian surname, Borgia, became a byword for libertinism and nepotism, which are traditionally considered as characterizing his pontificate. The third and the fourth archbishops of Valencia were Juan de Borja and Pedro Luis de Borja, grand-nephews of Alexander VI. [3][4], Alexander is considered one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes, partly because he acknowledged fathering several children by his mistresses. is lying here in the coffin for all people to rejoice, Our eyes intrude on the handsome eldest son of Rodrigo seeking temporal comforts in the arms of a young lady in his luxurious bedchamber. ", "The Borgia Apocalypse: The Screenplay on Amazon". A military response to the French threat was set in motion: a Neapolitan army was to advance through Romagna and attack Milan, while the fleet was to seize Genoa. The white smoke is released and the waiting crowd clamors for joy at the election of a new pope. (This and other related bulls are known collectively as the Bulls of Donation.)[25]. The Borgias Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community. During absolution and confession, Rodrigo explains to a reluctant Cesare his role in the divine plan, he is needed as a prince of the church while Juan prepares to lead as Captain-General of the Papal Army. Charles VIII rapidly advanced southward, and after a short stay in Florence, set out for Rome (November 1494). In Consistory the pope names Ascanio Sforza as his successor to the office of Vice-Chancellor to repay him for securing the election. He offered to help Louis XII on condition that Sicily be given to Cesare, and then offered to help Spain in exchange for Siena, Pisa and Bologna. Alexander opened the first holy door in St. Peter's Basilica on Christmas Eve, 1499, and papal legates opened the doors in the other three patriarchal basilicas. Both expeditions were badly conducted and failed, and on 8 September Charles VIII crossed the Alps and joined Ludovico il Moro at Milan. But a promise of French help quickly forced the confederates to come to terms. It was rumored but not substantiated that Borgia succeeded in buying the largest number of votes and Sforza, in particular, was bribed with four mule-loads of silver. https://theborgias.fandom.com/wiki/The_Poisoned_Chalice?oldid=4175. The death of Pope Urban VIII is said to have been hastened by chagrin at the result of the First War of Castro, a war he had undertaken against Odoardo Farnese, the duke of Parma. He was made general of his order, the Franciscans, in 1464 and became (1467) a cardinal. thy supreme pontiff Alexander, oh, capital Rome. He desecrated the Holy Church as none before. It seems that they did not. Roman Catholic Pope, 1691-1700. Burchard's Diary provides a few details of the pope's final illness and death at age 72:[54]. According to Raphael Volterrano: "It was a revolting scene to look at that deformed, blackened corpse, prodigiously swelled, and exhaling an infectious smell; his lips and nose were covered with brown drivel, his mouth was opened very widely, and his tongue, inflated by poison, ... therefore no fanatic or devotee dared to kiss his feet or hands, as custom would have required. This door lasted until 1618, when another door was installed in the new basilica. "[22] Even if he did make the comment, though, Michael de la Bédoyère says that it would be "unintentionally complimentary as coming from a representative of one of the leading Italian States about a Pope whose aim it would be to save Italy in defiance of the prejudices and jealousies of its petty rulers". ", "Under Alexander VI, the taste for theatrical representations made great progress. Cesare, empowered by the support of the French, began to attack the turbulent cities one by one in his capacity as nominated gonfaloniere (standard bearer) of the church. Burchart reviews the list of necessaries for the upcoming coronation. [20] Charles VIII of France now advanced formal claims on the Kingdom of Naples. Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. His close friend, Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere (later Pope Julius II), largely directed the papal affairs.Like his predecessors, Innocent wished to stop the Turkish advance, but he succeeded by means other than the crusade he originally planned. On the other hand, two of Alexander's successors, Sixtus V and Urban VIII, described him as one of the most outstanding popes since Saint Peter.[5]. He also appealed to Spain for help, but Spain was eager to be on good terms with the papacy to obtain the title to the recently discovered New World. Thornberry (2002) asserts that Inter Caetera was applied in the Requerimiento which was read to American Indians (who could not understand the colonisers' language) before hostilities against them began. Our duty, however, prescribes that we order you, under holy obedience, to cease from public and private preaching until you are able to come to our presence, not under armed escort as is your present habit, but safely, quietly and modestly as becomes a religious, or until we make different arrangements. After his Communion he gave the Eucharist to the Pope who was sitting in bed. The ambassador of King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715) succeeded in procuring his election on 6 October 1689, as the successor to Pope Innocent XI (1676–89); nevertheless, after months of negotiation Alexander VIII finally condemned the declaration made in 1682 by the French clergy concerning the liberties of the Gallican church. Pope Innocent VIII : biography 1432 – 25 July 1492 In Rome he built for summer use the Belvedere of the Vatican, on an unarticulated slope above the Vatican Palace, which his successor would turn into the Cortile del Belvedere. Nevertheless, he appointed Sebastian Maggi to investigate the friar, and he responded on 16 October 1495: We are displeased at the disturbed state of affairs in Florence, the more so in that it owes its origin to your preaching. For the Spanish nobleperson, see, Coat of arms of Alexander VI – Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome. Innocent excommunicated Ferdinand in 1489 and invited King Charles … [72][73] King's College now forms an integral element of the University of Aberdeen. Pope Innocent III (Latin: Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216, born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), held office from 8 January 1198 to his death.. Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes. Pope Alexander VIII: Successor: Pope Clement XI: Personal details; Birth name: Antonio Pignatelli: Born March 13, 1615 Spinazzola, Puglia: Died: September 27, 1700 (aged 85) Rome: Other popes named Innocent He was made general of his order, the Franciscans, in 1464 and became (1467) a cardinal. The Pope knocked thrice on the door, it gave way (assisted from within by workers), and everyone then crossed the threshold to enter into a period of penance and reconciliation. Executive summary: Roman Catholic Pope, 1644-55. After consulting with his Master of Ceremonies, Johann Burchard, Pope Alexander VI opened the first holy door in St. Peter's Basilica on Christmas Eve 1499, and papal representatives opened the doors in the other three patriarchal basilicas. His only success had been the capture of Ostia and the submission of the Francophile cardinals Colonna and Savelli. One of them, journalist Ruggero Marino, has unearthed documents that show that Pope Innocent VIII was the main sponsor and mastermind of the expedition. On 31 December, Charles VIII entered Rome with his troops, the cardinals of the French faction, and Giuliano della Rovere. Some revisionists suggest that the confusion is attributed by attempts to connect Rodrigo as the father of Giovanni (Juan), Cesare, Lucrezia and Gioffre (Jofré in Valencian), who were surnamed Llançol i Borja. While the enterprising explorers of Spain imposed a form of slavery called "encomienda" on the indigenous peoples they met in the New World,[41] some popes had spoken out against the practice of slavery. He changes tactics and invites the college of cardinals to a banquet in honor of Sforza’s promotion, where he plans to poison the Borgias with the help of a secret weapon - the assassin's poisoned chalice. But the expulsion of the French from Milan and the return of Lodovico Sforza interrupted his conquests, and he returned to Rome early in 1500. When Alexander VI heard the news, he lured Cardinal Orsini to the Vatican and cast him into a dungeon, where he died. [38], Alexander instituted a special rite for the closing of a holy door, as well. [65][66], After a short stay, the body was removed from the crypts of St. Peter's and installed in the less well-known Spanish national church of Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli. He had annulled Lucrezia's marriage to Giovanni Sforza, who had responded to the suggestion that he was impotent with the unsubstantiated counter-claim that Alexander and Cesare indulged in incestuous relations with Lucrezia, in 1497. Pamphili succeeded Pope Urban VIII (1623–44) on 15 September 1644 as Pope Innocent X, after a contentious papal conclave that featured a rivalry between French and Spanish factions. Della Rovere was bankrolled to the cost of 200,000 gold ducats by King Charles VIII of France, with another 100,000 supplied by the Republic of Genoa. [74][75], Alexander VI, who was allegedly a marrano according to a black legend of papal rival Giuliano della Rovere, distinguished himself by his relatively benign treatment of Jews. In Italy, on the other hand, the Renaissance, which had hardly begun in Spain, had reached its high point and the Italians in general did not look kindly on a citizen of this backward country being elevated to the highest post in the Church. [80], Alexander Lee argues that the crimes attributed to the Borgias were exaggerated by contemporaries because they were outsiders expanding their holdings at the expense of the Italians, that they were Spaniards when it was felt that Spain had too much control on the Italian peninsula, and that after the death of Alexander the family lost its influence and therefore any incentive for anyone to defend them. 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